Consonant clusters7/6/2023 However, it is correct to call it epenthesis when viewed synchronically since the modern basic form of the verb is a and so the psycholinguistic process is therefore the addition of t to the base form.Ī similar example is the English indefinite article a, which becomes an before a vowel. There is no epenthesis from a historical perspective since the a-t is derived from Latin habet ('he has'), and so the t is the original third-person verb inflection. In French, /t/ is inserted in inverted interrogative phrases between a verb ending in a vowel and a pronoun beginning with a vowel: il a ('he has') > a-t-il ('has he?'). Latin homine(m) > homne > homre > Spanish hom bre ("man").(Reconstructed) Proto-Greek * amrotos > Ancient Greek ἄμβροτος ámbrotos ("immortal" cf.(Reconstructed) Proto-Germanic *sēaną > Old English sāwan, Old Saxon sāian ("to sow").French message, messager > Portuguese mensagem, mensageiro.French messager, passager > English messenger, passenger. Latin tremulare > French trembler ("to tremble").See also: Sandhi, Linking and intrusive R, and Liaison (French)Įxcrescence is the epenthesis of a consonant. The English suffix -t, often found in the form -st, as in amongst (from among + -st), is an example of terminal excrescence. For example, the Japanese prefix ma- ( 真〜(ま〜), pure …, complete …) transforms regularly to ma'- ( 真っ〜(まっ〜), (gemination of following consonant)) when it is followed by a consonant, as in masshiro ( 真っ白(まっしろ), pure white). While epenthesis most often occurs between two vowels or two consonants, it can also occur between a vowel and a consonant or at the ends of words. Epenthesis may be represented in writing, or it may be a feature only of the spoken language.Ī consonant may be added to separate vowels in hiatus, as is the case with linking and intrusive R in English.Ī consonant may be placed between consonants in a consonant cluster where the place of articulation is different (such as if one consonant is labial and the other is alveolar).Ī vowel may be placed between consonants to separate them. The phonotactics of a given language may discourage vowels in hiatus or consonant clusters, and a consonant or vowel may be added to make pronunciation easier. The opposite process, where one or more sounds are removed, is referred to as elision.Įpenthesis arises for a variety of reasons. Epenthesis may be divided into two types: excrescence for the addition of a consonant, and for the addition of a vowel, svarabhakti (in Sanskrit) or alternatively anaptyxis ( / ˌ æ n ə p ˈ t ɪ k s ɪ s/). The word epenthesis comes from epi- "in addition to" and en- "in" and thesis "putting". In phonology, epenthesis ( / ɪ ˈ p ɛ n θ ə s ɪ s, ɛ-/ Greek ἐπένθεσις) means the addition of one or more sounds to a word, especially in the beginning syllable ( prothesis) or in the ending syllable ( paragoge) or in-between two syllabic sounds in a word. For the distinction between, / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
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